DOI: 
10.1080/15389588.2011.637251
P. O. Rileya, C. Arregui-Dalmasesab, S. Purtserova, D. Parenta, D. J. Lessleya, G. Shawa, J. Crandalla, 
Shinichi Takayamac, Koshiro Onoc, Koichi Kamijid & Tsuyoshi Yasukid 

pages 163-171
Available online: 29 Mar 2012

Keywords
Side impact, Kinematics, Cadaver, Pelvis impact, Shoulder impact, Spine motion

Abstract
A test series involving direct right-side impact of a moving wall on unsupported, unrestrained cadavers with no arms was undertaken to better understand human kinematics and injury mechanisms during side impact at realistic speeds. The tests conducted provided a unique opportunity for a detailed analysis of the kinematics resulting from side impact. Specifically, this study evaluated the 3-dimensional (3D) kinematics of 3 unrestrained male cadavers subjected to lateral impact by a multi-element load wall carried by a pneumatically propelled rail-mounted sled reproducing a conceptual side crash impact. Three translations and 3 rotations characterize the movement of a solid body in the space, the 6 degrees of freedom (6DoF) kinematics of 15 bone segments were obtained from the 3D marker motions and computed tomography (CT)-defined relationships between the maker array mounts and the bones. The moving wall initially made contact with the lateral aspect of the pelvis, which initiated lateral motion of the spinal segments beginning with the pelvis and moving sequentially up through the lumbar spine to the thorax. Analyzing the 6DoF motions kinematics of the ribs and sternum followed right shoulder contact with the wall. Overall thoracic motion was assessed by combining the thoracic bone segments as a single rigid body. The kinematic data presented in this research provides quantified subject responses and boundary condition interactions that are currently unavailable for lateral impact.