P.J. Pérez-Martíneza,
R.M. Mirandab
Highlights
•The energy consumption of tolled highways in Spain is modeled.
•Mean energy consumption and CO2 emissions are 1895 MJ/h/lane-km and 0.15 tCO2 eq./h/lane-km.
•Energy intensity is determined and set against passenger-kilometres and ton-kilometres.
•Spain’s toll highway sections consume 2.6 MJ/transport unit-km: 0.6 for infrastructure and 2.0 for traffic.
Keywords
Energy efficiency; Highway sections; Spanish tolled highways; Traffic conditions
Abstract
We estimate the energy consumption of toll highway transport on a number of Spanish roads. Regression parameters are balanced according to coefficients from an empirical analysis based on survey data by vehicle type. The mean energy consumption and subsequent CO2 emissions on the toll highway sections are estimated as 1895 MJ/h/lane-km and 0.15 tCO2 eq./h/lane-km, values that increase to 2644 and 0.22 when energy and carbon emissions of transport infrastructure are considered based on the life cycle energy consumption for toll highway construction and use. If the energy intensity of infrastructure construction is allocated to the users according to traffic, it is much higher for motorcycles than for cars, and is significantly lower for articulated trucks than for vans.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Data and methodology
3. Results
4. Conclusions
References
Figures
Fig. 1.
EI estimates, infrastructure and traffic, for passenger and freight transport vehicles with infrastructure allocated according to traffic. Note: Error bars represent EI uncertainty expressed as standard deviation of section estimates; EI (infrastructure) of van and motorcycle from 4.1 to 27.5 MJ per transport unit kilometre.
Tables
Table 1. Traffic flow parameters for Spanish toll highways (2007).
Table 2. Summary table including weighting parameters used in fuel consumption factor estimation.