Jee Eun Kang^a,
Will W. Recker^b,



Highlights

•Determines inconvenience barriers to alternative fuel vehicle adoption.
•Provides policy guidelines for incubating minimal AFV service provisions.
•Identifies possible travel pattern changes when operating an AFV.



Keywords
Alternative fuel vehicles; Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles; Battery electric vehicles; Recharging



Abstract
The work measures individual-level inconvenience of operating an alternative fuel vehicle. We develop simulations of vehicle usage patterns reported in the California Statewide Household Travel Survey. A key assumption is that people do not change the activities associated with their current conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, but may change their travel to perform these activities. More specifically, scenarios involving completion of respondents’ stated activities based on behavioral assumptions associated with refueling and recharging are tested. Assuming a value of time of $30/h is applied to the travel-related components of a previously calibrated utility function, we find that with limited initial-stage fuel infrastructure, operating a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle imposes an average “inconvenience” time cost of $22–$39 for the day refueling is needed. For cumulative daily trips over 60 miles, operating a battery electric vehicle imposes an average additional time cost of $47–$50 with AC Level 1 charging infrastructure, and $6–$10 with AC Level 2 infrastructure.



Article Outline
1. Background
2. Methodology
3. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles: insertion analysis and HAPPR
4. Battery electric vehicles: delay analysis and HAPPC
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References



Figures
   

Fig. 1.

Sample data and proposed 36 hydrogen refueling stations in Southern California.


Fig. 2.

Travel patterns with a refueling trip. (a) Reported travel pattern, (b) best insertion of a refueling trip, and (c) rescheduled with a refueling trip using HAPPR.


Fig. 3a.

Histogram of inconvenience cost of operating a HFCV.


Fig. 3b.

Lower vs. upper bounds of inconvenience cost of operating a HFCV.


Fig. 4.

Travel patterns with Level 1 charging between trips. (a) Reported travel pattern, (b) delay analysis, and (c) rescheduled using HAPPR.


Fig. 5.

Reported daily travel distance.


Fig. 6a.

Histogram of inconveniences: AC Level 1 charging.


Fig. 6b.

Lower vs. upper bounds of inconveniences: AC Level 1 charging.


Fig. 6c.

Histogram of inconveniences: AC Level 2 charging.


Fig. 6d.

Lower vs. upper bounds of inconveniences: AC Level 2 charging.