文章编号：1672-5328（2011）04-0045-08

周江评¹，王江燕¹，许丰功²，张贝贝³，李志刚³
（1.宇恒可持续交通研究中心，北京 100004；2.澳大利亚奔塞市规划和基础设施局，奔塞 SA5065；3.中山大学地理科学与规划学院，广东 广州 510275）

摘要：回顾了20世纪60年代以来美国联邦层面制定的一系列缓解交通拥堵的法律、法案和规章。总结各个阶段相关法律、法案和规章产生的背景、效力及特征：20世纪60—70年代，利用公路交通工程技术解决城市交通问题；20世纪70—80年代，增加公共交通资金的投入；20世纪80—90年代，引入绩效评估体系以及非政府组织参与治堵行动；20世纪90年代至今，更加综合性的治堵行动。指出相关法律暗含了对小汽车发展的支持，很少考虑小汽车带来的社会、环境和经济成本，应在明确这些代价的基础上统筹安排政策、制度、规划以及对个体出行行为的影响和引导。

关键词：城市交通；交通拥堵；交通法律；公共交通；小汽车

中图分类号：U491

文献标识码：A

Review of Urban Transportation Policies in Beijing and Discussion of Congestion Pricing

ZHOU Jiang-ping¹, WANG Jiang-yan¹, XU Feng-gong², ZHANG Bei-bei³, LI Zhi-gang³
(1. China Sustainable Transportation Center, Beijing 100004, China; 2.Planning & Infrastructure Services, City of Burnside, Burnside SA5065, Australia; 3.School of Geographic Sciences and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong 510275, China)

Abstract：By reviewing the U.S. government legislations and regulations on traffic congestion alleviation since the 1960s, this paper briefly reviews the background, effectiveness and characteristics of the related laws, authorization acts and regulations in each development stage: during the period of 1960-70s, the focus was on utilizing transportation engineering technologies to solve urban transportation problems; the period of 1970-80s, on increasing funding for the development of public transit; the period of 1980-90s, on introducing the performance evaluation system and NGOs participation in congestion alleviation; since 1990, the focuses have been on dealing with traffic congestion with more comprehensive actions. The paper points out that U.S. related laws and actions directly and indirectly support the development of automobiles and lack of consideration on social, environment and economic costs of motorized traffic. The paper stresses that policies, governing regulations and planning should be considered comprehensively to influence and change individual travel behaviors.

Keywords：urban transportation; traffic congestion; transportation legislation; public transit; automobiles