文章编号： 1672-5328（2026）02-0030-07

许怡然1，刘一格2
(1. 河海大学法学院，江苏南京211100；2.河海大学电气与动力工程学院，江苏南京211100)

摘要： 自动驾驶技术的快速发展对传统法律归责体系提出了新的挑战，尤其在L3 级人机共驾模式 下，责任主体的界定更为复杂。当前法律框架难以全面应对自动驾驶带来的刑事与民事归责问题， 亟须进行系统性制度回应。聚焦法益侵害、隐私安全风险及被动接管规则等核心争议，系统探讨了 自动驾驶的法律规制路径。在刑事归责方面，应根据自动驾驶等级合理分配注意义务；在民事归责 方面，应完善产品责任规则，并引入保险制度以分散风险。通过前瞻性立法与风险分配机制的优 化，有望实现技术发展与权益保障的动态平衡。同时，数据隐私保护问题不容忽视，可借鉴欧盟 《一般数据保护条例》强化用户权利保障。此外，分层责任体系的构建有助于明确不同自动驾驶级 别下使用者和生产者的责任边界。

关键词： 自动驾驶；法益侵害；被允许的危险；隐私保护；归责体系

中图分类号： U491.2

文献标识码：A

Development and Regulatory Path of a Tiered Liability System for Autonomous Vehicles

Xu Yiran1, Liu Yige2
(1. School of Law, Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu 211100, China; 2. School of Electrical and Power Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu 211100, China)

Abstract： The rapid development of autonomous driving technology poses new challenges to traditional legal imputation systems, especially under the Level 3 human-machine co-driving mode, where the identification of responsible parties becomes more complex. Existing legal frameworks are still insufficient to fully address the issues of criminal and civil imputation arising from autonomous driving. Therefore, a systematic legal response is urgently needed. Focusing on core disputes such as legal interest infringement, privacy and data security risks, and passive takeover rules, this paper systematically examines the legal regulatory pathways for autonomous driving. In terms of criminal imputation, the duty of care should be reasonably allocated according to different levels of autonomous driving. In terms of civil imputation, product liability rules should be improved, and an insurance system should be introduced to diversify risks. Through forward-looking legislation and the optimization of risk allocation mechanisms, it is expected that a dynamic balance can be achieved between technological development and rights protection. At the same time, data privacy protection should not be ignored, and the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation may provide useful reference for strengthening the protection of user rights. Furthermore, the establishment of a hierarchical liability system would help clarify the boundaries of responsibility between users and manufacturers under different levels of autonomous driving.

Keywords： autonomous driving; infringement of legal interests; permissible danger; privacy protection; imputation system